Class 8 English Grammar Chapter 11 Conjunctions

1. Co-ordinate Conjunctions
2. Sub-ordinate Conjunctions

Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of equal rank or
grammatical units of the same kind. For, not, nor, but, or, yet and so are coordinating conjunctions.

(a) Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions
(b) Adversative Conjunctions
(c) Alternative or Distinctive Conjunctions
(d) Illative or Illustrative Conjunctions

Cumulative Conjunctions add one statement or a fact to another Such Conjunctions are:
1. Tagore was not only a poet but also a good painter.
2. Both you and he are at fault.

Adversative Conjunctions show contrast between two statements when joined. They are: however, whereas, while, only, still, but, yet. nevertheless, etc.
1. He ran fast. He. however, could not catch the bus.
2. I was reading while she was dozing.

Alternative Conjunctions express a choice between statements. Such Conjunctions as,
1. Either you or your brother has broken the Slate.
2. Neither Ram nor his brothers are present.

Illative Conjunction shows that one fact or statement is inferred and proved from the other. They are: therefore, then, so, for, consequently etc.
He is honest, therefore, he is respected.

Sub-ordinate conjunctions help to connect Subordinate Clause or Dependent clause to the main clause. Subordinate Conjunctions denote: (i) Time (ii) Cause or Reason (iii) Purpose
(iv) Result (v) Condition (vi) Place (vii) Manner or Extent (viii) Comparison (ix) Concession or Contrast. They are of nine kinds.
1. Do not go until I get ready.
2. You cannot pass unless you work hard.
Relative Adverbs and Interrogative Adverbs are used as Conjunctions when they join two sentences. They refer back to some antecedents as,
1. Please tell me why you are sad.
2. This is the house where I’ live.

Correlative Conjunctions are used in pairs related to each other. They him two sentence that or equal in status. These conjunctions him words as well as sentence. They are:- either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, whether-or, as-as, so- as though, although-yet, rather-than, such-as, so-that, such-that, hardly, scarcely- when/before etc.

Either-or, Neither-nor: If there are two subjects, care must be taken that the verb agrees with the second subject. They are followed by the same part of speech as,
1. Either you or Aman has stolen my pen.
2. Neither he nor I am going to Delhi.

Compound conjunctions are conjunctions that are formed by more than one word.

So-that, Such-that, Such-as: “So-that” and “Such-that” are used to express result or consequence. “So” is followed by an adjective while “such” is followed by a noun.