NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science

Archives are places where manuscripts/records/documents are kept.

Two major cities in control of the Chahamanas were Delhi and Ajmer.

Ibn Battuta travel to India from the Morocco, Africa.

The main responsibility of the zamindar in the Mughal administration was to collect taxes from peasants and submit the same to the central government’s revenue department.
Therefore, zamindar were intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of the village or powerful chieftains.

Temples were constructed to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the parton king.
Often the names of king and the man deity were similar. For example, Rajarajeshvara temple built by king Rajarajadeva. For the worship of his god, Rajarageshvaram.
The other subordinate deities in a temple symbolised the actual subordinates of a king.
The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the Gods on earth.

Craft production in cities like Calcutta different from that in cities like Thanjavur:
Craftspersons in Thanjavur were independent while in Calcutta they were in the hands of Europeans.
In Thanjavur, crafts were developed on interest and they were creative and specialized while in Calcutta craftspersons began to work on a system of advances.
They were having liberty to sell their own made crafts and textiles while here they no longer had the liberty of selling their own crafts.
In Calcutta they had to reproduce the designs supplied to them by the Company agents.
They now had to move into the Black Towns established by the European companies within these new cities.

The tribal societies change in the following:
They began to involve a centralised administrative system.
Someone social division within a tribal society also took place.
Tribal kings began to grant land to Brahmanas, poets and scholars.
Tribal kings also wished to be reconised as other famous king of the subcontinent, such as.
Tribal kingdoms began to annex smaller neighbouring kingdoms. For example, Ahom annexed kingdoms of Chhutiyas and Koch-Hajo.
In order to build a large state, Ahom used firearms.
Literary development such as translation of Sanskrit work into local language and writing history in Ahom language were also new developments.

Major beliefs and practices of the Sufis:
They rejected outward religiosity and emphasised love and devotion to God.
They also emphasized compassion towards all fellow human beings.
They rejected idol worship and simplified rituals of worship into collective prayers.
They believed in monotheism or submission to one God.
They rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by Muslim religious scholars.

Rulers adopted many methods to preserve their achievements, such as, minstrels singing their heroic stories, paintings inscriptions, historical worth, donation to temples, etc., while ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. Therefore, we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people.

The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan to receive tribute as a way of accepting Maratha sovereignty and control trade and agriculture. Expansion also brought with it enormous resources.

The interdependence of plants and animals can be illustrated by the following points:
Plants provide food to animals.
Forests provide shelter to wild life.
Wildlife adds beauty to forests.
Animal dung provides manure for the growth of plants.
The decay of dead animals provides nutrition to soil which in turn helps in the growth of plants and trees.

Ingenious and sedimentary rocks change their form under great pressure and temperature conditions to form metaphoric rocks. The same thing happens with limestone, which under the effect of heat and pressure change into marble, which is an example of metamorphic rock.

The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores which leads to the formation of beaches.

Whether is hour-to-hour, day to day conditions of the atmosphere. It is short-term state of the atmosphere. It is hot or cold, wet or dry.

Factors affecting the height of the waves:
Speed off wind
Duration of wind
Distance the wind blows over water
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
Underwater Landslides.

Citrus fruits cultivated in the regions where climatic conditions is hot dry summers and mild rainy winters.

Two merits of railways are:
Railways carry people over long distances quickly and cheaply.
They also carry heavy goods a raw material in bulk, transported from mines to industrial areas and from there to the market or ports.

The rainforests are depleting due to following reasons:
The indigenous population was pushed out for the developmental activities which is leading to the destruction of the rainforests.
Large scale deforestation for construction of roads, industries and houses.
For getting wood from forests in order to increase economical profit.

People of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds. Sahara is a hot desert therefore dust storms and hot winds of containing sands is common there. It also help them in protection from Sun.

Article 15 in democracy of the constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Two ways in which this Article addresses inequality:
It suggests States not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
No citizen shall be subject to any disability, liability and restriction on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth or any of them.

After the elections, a political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state became the ruling party.
The MLAs belonging to the ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister.
The chief minister then selects other people as ministers.
The Governor of the state then appoints the chief minister and other ministers.

No.
The work that women do is equally values to that of men. Our society and our family depend not only on men but on women too. Both men and women are the two wheels on which the family runs smoothly. If one wheel gets damaged, it is very difficult to run the family. Both men and women are equally important in the development of our country

Learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya because after learning alphabet they could achieve their goals and fulfill their dreams and contribute the society.
Rashsundari Devi: Wrote “Amar Jiban”, first autobiography written by an Indian woman.
Ramabai: She set up a mission in Khedagaon where widows and poor women are taught variety of skills from carpentry to running a printing press.
Rokeya: She started a school for girls in Kolkata in 1910 and thus helped other girls to get education.

Media plays an important role in a democracy in the following ways:
Watchdog of Democracy: Media is considered as fourth pillar of democracy.
It provides a platform to people to express their opinions, specially in national and international issues.
Provides news and important events taking place worldwide.
Bring social awareness about economical, political, social and cultural events.

A hawker sells different items of daily use like vegetables, fruits, etc. by going from place to place asking people to buy them. He does not own a fixed shop. He brings goods on his ‘thela’, sells them and returns back to his house. But a shop owner owns a permanent shop either in the neighborhood or in the market. He does not go door to door to sell different items. Instead, customers come to his shop to purchase the items of their need.

Swapna was a small farmer. Her production of cotton was in small quantity. She did not have capital even to purchase seeds, pesticides, fertilizers required to start cultivation of cotton. She had to take loan at high interest from the trader under a condition to sell her cotton to him. She had to pay him the principal loan amount and interest thereon as well as sell her cotton to the trader. Because of these reasons Swapna was bound to sell her cotton to the trader instead of selling it at the Kurnool cotton market.