NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 the Demographic Structure of the Indian Society

Theory of demographic transition suggests that increase in linked to overall levels of economic development which every society follows a typical pattern of development related growth.

There are three basic phases of population growth:
Stage I: Primitive Stage (Underdeveloped countries)
Low increase in an exceedingly society that’s underdeveloped and technologically backward.
In such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the benefits of getting small families, they’re not educated.
Death rate is additionally high since health and medical facilities aren’t available, therefore population is low.

Stage II: (Developing countries)
The birth rate and death rate rank very high, rate of growth remains low. Birth rate is high as during this society people sleep in a patriarchal society during which men decide what number children must be born and child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is additionally high since health and medical facilities don’t seem to be available.
Stage III: (Developed countries)
Birth rate is low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, contraception is popularised. Death rate is additionally low thanks to availability of health and medical facilities; therefore, population is low.

Transitional Stage
The stage from backwardness of social facilities to Development of social welfare: during this stage rate of growth of population is extremely high whereas death rates are brought down because of better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is related to a population explosion.

English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus argued that human population tend to grow at faster rate than which means of human subsistence (land, agriculture) can grow.
He said population rises in patterned advance whereas agricultural production can only grow in progression.
Malthus believed that positive checks to increment within the type of famines and diseases, was inevitable. These are nature’s way of handling the balance between food supplies and increasing population.
According to him, these natural checks are extremely painful and difficult. Although it helps to attain a balance between population and subsistence by increasing the death rate.

The reason Birth rate is comparatively slow while the death rate may be brought down at much faster rate. Public health measures and medical advancement can control the death rate immediately. Everybody wants healthy lifestyle and needs to measure an extended life. Due to which everybody adopts all medical and technological measures with high level of motivation. Healthcare systems can be improved by improving the infrastructure and technological advancement. This could provide immediate treatment to save lives.
Birth rate continues to be high because it’s associated with attitude, beliefs and values of individuals. Birth rate is expounded to spiritual beliefs and by and enormous its socio-cultural phenomena which is significantly slow to vary.

Age structure of the population refers to the proportions of persons in numerous age groups relative to the whole population. India includes a very young population. The common age of an Indian is a smaller amount than that for many other countries. Majority of Indians are between the age bracket of 15 and 64 years. Population under the age of 15 has decreased from 42% in 1971 to 31% in 2011. During this era the ratio of group 15 to 64 years old was gone up from 53% to 63.7%.