NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1
NCERT solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 Relations and Functions all exercises including miscellaneous are in PDF Hindi Medium & English Medium along with NCERT Solutions Apps free download.
Download assignments based on Relations and functions and Previous Years Questions asked in CBSE board, important questions for practice as per latest CBSE Curriculum – 2020-2021. Download books in PDF form or buy NCERT books online.
NCERT solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1
Class: 12 | Maths (English and Hindi Medium) |
Chapter 1: | Relations and Functions |
12th Maths Chapter 1 Solutions
NCERT solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 all exercises are given below to free download in PDF form. NCERT Books as well as Solutions are available in English and Hindi Medium. Ask your doubts related to NIOS Board and CBSE Board through Discussion Forum. NCERT Solutions and Offline apps are based on latest CBSE Syllabus.
Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 Solutions in PDF
- Download Class 12 Maths Exercise 1.1 in PDF
- Download Class 12 Maths Exercise 1.2 in PDF
- Download Class 12 Maths Exercise 1.3 in PDF
- Download Class 12 Maths Exercise 1.4 in PDF
- Download Class 12 Maths Miscellaneous Exercise 1
- Class 12 Maths NCERT Book Chapter 1
- Class 12 Maths NCERT Book Answers
- Class 12 Maths Revision Book Chapter 1
- Class 12 Maths Revision Book Answers
- Download Class 12 Maths Assignment 1
- Download Class 12 Maths Assignment 2
- Download Class 12 Maths Assignment 2 Answers
- Download Class 12 Maths Assignment 3
- Download Class 12 Maths Assignment 4
- Class 12 Maths Solution Main Page
Class 12 Maths Chaper 1 Exercise 1.1 Solution in Videos
Class 12 Maths Chaper 1 Exercise 1.2 Solution in Videos
Class 12 Maths Chaper 1 Exercise 1.3 Solution in Videos
Class 12 Maths Chaper 1 Exercise 1.4 Solution in Videos
Class 12 Maths Chaper 1 Miscellaneous Exercise 1 in Videos
Before studying this lesson, you should know:
- Concept of set, types of sets, operations on sets
- Concept of ordered pair and cartesian product of set.
- Domain, co-domain and range of a relation and a function
Relation
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from Set A into Set B is a subset of A × B.
Types of Relations
- Reflexive Relation
- Symmetric Relation
- Transitive Relation
Equivalence Relation
A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff
- it is reflexive
- it is symmetric
- it is transitive
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Let f be a function from A to B. If every element of the set B is the image of at least one element of the set A i.e. if there is no unpaired element in the set B then we say that the function f maps the set A onto the set B. Otherwise we say that the function maps the set A into the set B.
Functions for which each element of the set A is mapped to a different element of the set B are said to be one-to-one.
A function can map more than one element of the set A to the same element of the set B. Such a type of function is said to be many-to-one. A function which is both one-to-one and onto is said to be a bijective function.
BINARY OPERATIONS
Let A, B be two non-empty sets, then a function from A × A to A is called a binary operation on A.
If a binary operation on A is denoted by *, the unique element of A associated with the ordered pair (a, b) of A × A is denoted by a * b.
The order of the elements is taken into consideration, i.e. the elements associated with the pairs (a, b) and (b, a) may be different i.e. a * b may not be equal to b * a.
Let A be a non-empty set and ‘*’ be an operation on A, then
Important Questions on 12th Maths Chapter 1
R = {(x, y): 3x − y = 0}
∴ R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
R is not reflexive since (1, 1), (2, 2) … (14, 14) ∉ R.
Also, R is not symmetric as (1, 3) ∈ R, but (3, 1) ∉ R. [3(3) − 1 ≠ 0]
Also, R is not transitive as (1, 3), (3, 9) ∈ R, but (1, 9) ∉ R. [3(1) − 9 ≠ 0] Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
माना, किसी x, y ∈ N के लिए, f(x) = f(y)
⇒ x^2 = y^2
⇒ x = y.
∴ f एकैक है।
यहाँ, 2 ∈ N, लेकिन, N में x का कोई ऐसा मान नहीं है कि f(x) = x2 = 2.
∴ f आच्छादि नहीं है।
अतः, फलन f एकैक है परन्तु आच्छादि नहीं है।
It can be observed that (1/2,1/2)∉R, since, 1/2>(1/2)^2
∴ R is not reflexive.
Now, (1, 4) ∈ R as 1 < 42 But, 4 is not less than 12. ∴ (4, 1) ∉ R ∴ R is not symmetric. Now, (3, 2), (2, 1.5) ∈ R [as 3 < 22 = 4 and 2 < (1.5)^2 = 2.25] But, 3 > (1.5)^2 = 2.25
∴ (3, 1.5) ∉ R
∴ R is not transitive.
Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
A relation R is defined on set A as: R = {(a, b): b = a + 1}
∴ R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)} we can find (a, a) ∉ R, where a ∈ A.
For instance, (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) ∉ R
∴ R is not reflexive.
It can be observed that (1, 2) ∈ R, but (2, 1) ∉ R.
∴ R is not symmetric.
Now, (1, 2), (2, 3) ∈ R but, (1, 3) ∉ R
∴ R is not transitive
Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
यहाँ, f(1.2) = [1.2] = 1 और f(1.9) = [1.9] = 1,
इसलिए f(1.2) = f(1.9) लेकिन 1.2 ≠ 1.9.
∴ f एकैकी फलन है।
हम जानते हैं कि सभी दशमलव की संख्याएँ वास्तविक संख्याएँ होती हैं, जैसे 0.7 ∈ R.
यहाँ, 0.7 ∈ R, लेकिन, R में x का कोई ऐसा मान नहीं है कि f(x) = 0.7
अतः, महत्तम पूर्णांक फलन न तो एकैकी है और न आच्छादक है।
फलन f: A → B इस प्रकार परिभाषित है कि
f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}.
∴ f (1) = 4,
f (2) = 5,
f (3) = 6
यहाँ A के प्रत्येक अवयव के लिए B में एक अद्वितीय अवयव है।
अतः, फलन f एकैकी फलन है।
A relation R on A is defined as R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}.
It is clear that (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∉ R, ∴ R is not reflexive.
Now, as (1, 2) ∈ R and (2, 1) ∈ R, then R is symmetric.
Now, (1, 2) and (2, 1) ∈ R, however, (1, 1) ∉ R, ∴ R is not transitive.
Hence, R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
R = {x, y): x and y have the same number of pages}
Now, R is reflexive since (x, x) ∈ R as x and x has the same number of pages.
Let (x, y) ∈ R ⇒ x and y have the same number of pages.
⇒ y and x have the same number of pages.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, let (x, y) ∈R and (y, z) ∈ R.
⇒ x and y and have the same number of pages and y and z have the same number of pages.
⇒ x and z have the same number of pages.
⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
हम जानते हैं कि a और b का H.C.F. = b और a का H.C.F., सभी a, b ∈ N के लिए
∴ a * b = b * a, अतः, संक्रिया * क्रमविनिमय है।
सभी a, b, c ∈ N के लिए, (a * b)* c = (a और b का H.C.F.) * c = a, b और c का H.C.F.
तथा a *(b * c) = a *(b और c का H.C.F.) = a, b और c का H.C.F.
∴ (a * b) * c = a * (b * c), अतः, संक्रिया * साहचर्य है।
अब, कोई अवयव e ∈ N, संक्रिया * में तत्समक होगा यदि a * e = a = e* a, सभी a ∈ N के लिए
लेकिन ये संबंध किसी भी a ∈ N के लिए सत्य नहीं है।
अतः, N में इस द्विआधारी संक्रिया * के तत्समक का अस्तित्व नहीं है।
Clearly, (P, P) ∈ R since the distance of point P from the origin is always the same as the distance of the same point P from the origin.
∴ R is reflexive.
Now, Let (P, Q) ∈ R.
⇒ The distance of point P from the origin is the same as the distance of point Q from the origin.
⇒ The distance of point Q from the origin is the same as the distance of point P from the origin.
⇒ (Q, P) ∈ R, ∴ R is symmetric.
Now, Let (P, Q), (Q, S) ∈ R.
⇒ The distance of points P and Q from the origin is the same and also, the distance of points Q and S from the origin is the same.
⇒ The distance of points P and S from the origin is the same.
⇒ (P, S) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.
The set of all points related to P ≠ (0, 0) will be those points whose distance from the origin is the same as the distance of point P from the origin.
In other words, if O (0, 0) is the origin and OP = k, then the set of all points related to P is at a distance of k from the origin.
Hence, this set of points forms a circle with the centre as the origin and this circle passes through point P.
R is reflexive,
Since (P1, P1) ∈ R, as the same polygon has the same number of sides with itself.
Let (P1, P2) ∈ R. ⇒ P1 and P2 have the same number of sides.
⇒ P2 and P1 have the same number of sides. ⇒ (P2, P1) ∈ R, ∴ R is symmetric.
Now, Let (P1, P2), (P2, P3) ∈ R.
⇒ P1 and P2 have the same number of sides.
Also, P2 and P3 have the same number of sides.
⇒ P1 and P3 have the same number of sides. ⇒ (P1, P3) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
The elements in A related to the right-angled triangle (T) with sides 3, 4, and 5 are those polygons which have 3 sides (Since T is a polygon with 3 sides).
Hence, the set of all elements in A related to triangle T is the set of all triangles.
R is reflexive as any line L1 is parallel to itself i.e., (L1, L1) ∈ R.
Now, let (L1, L2) ∈ R. ⇒ L1 is parallel to L2 ⇒ L2 is parallel to L1. ⇒ (L2, L1) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, let (L1, L2), (L2, L3) ∈ R. ⇒ L1 is parallel to L2. Also, L2 is parallel to L3. ⇒ L1 is parallel to L3.
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
The set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4 is the set of all lines that are parallel to the line y = 2x + 4.
Slope of line y = 2x + 4 is m = 2
It is known that parallel lines have the same slopes.
The line parallel to the given line is of the form y = 2x + c, where c ∈ R.
Hence, the set of all lines related to the given line is given by y = 2x + c, where c ∈ R.
f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}.
gof(1) = g[f(1)] = g(2) = 3 [as f(1) = 2 and g(2) = 3]
gof(3) = g[f(3)] = g(5) = 1 [as f(3) = 5 and g(5) = 1]
gof(4) = g[f(4)] = g(1) = 3 [as f(4) = 1 and g(1) = 3]
∴ gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (4, 3)}
For one – one
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
⇒ x^3 = y^3 … (1)
Now, we need to show that x = y.
Suppose x ≠ y, their cubes will also not be equal.
⇒ x^3 ≠ y^3
However, this will be a contradiction to (1).
∴ x = y
Hence, f is injective.