NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Exploration (2026-27)

The Class 9 Science Exploration syllabus for Session 2026-27 has been restructured under the NCF-SE 2023 framework. It takes an integrated approach, combining Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Earth Science into a single curriculum. The 13 chapters of textbook Exploration are organised by subject area as shown below.

Biology in the new syllabus opens with the cell and builds outward — from organelles to tissues, from reproduction to the classification of all living organisms.

• Chapter 2. Cell: The Building Block of Life
  The chapter introduces plant and animal cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structure and function of key organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plasma membrane and cell wall. Cell membrane permeability, cellular division through mitosis and meiosis, and their link to cancer are also covered.
• Chapter 3. Tissues in Action
  Building on cellular knowledge, this chapter covers meristematic and permanent plant tissues and all four types of animal tissues — epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. The musculoskeletal system, types of joints, and the role of nutrition and exercise in maintaining musculoskeletal health are included.
• Chapter 11. Reproduction: How Life Continues
  This chapter addresses asexual and sexual reproduction in plants — covering pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal — and in humans, covering the structure of male and female reproductive systems, gamete formation, pregnancy, embryo development, the menstrual cycle, reproductive health and birth control.
• Chapter 12. Patterns in Life: Diversity and Classification
  The chapter introduces the five-kingdom classification system, the major divisions of animals and plants, binomial nomenclature and acellular entities such as viruses.

• Chapter 5. Exploring Mixtures and their Separation
  Covers homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solutions, suspensions, colloids and six separation techniques — crystallisation, distillation, paper chromatography, sublimation, centrifugation and coagulation. Methods of expressing the concentration of a solution are also included.
• Chapter 8. Journey Inside the Atom
  Traces the development of atomic theory through Thomson’s, Rutherford’s and Bohr’s models. Topics include subatomic particles, electron distribution in K, L, M, N shells for elements up to atomic number 18, atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars and valency.
• Chapter 9. Atomic Foundations of Matter
  Covers the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Constant Proportion, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, ionic and covalent compounds, writing chemical formulae using valency and calculations of molecular mass and formula unit mass.

• Chapter 13. Earth as a System: Energy, Matter and Life
  A new addition to the syllabus, this chapter presents the Earth as an interconnected system of five spheres — biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and atmosphere. Topics include solar radiation, the electromagnetic spectrum, differential heating of the Earth’s surface, wind patterns, the four major biogeochemical cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), and human impact on Earth’s systems.

• Chapter 4. Describing Motion Around Us
  Introduces displacement, velocity, and acceleration, graphical representation of motion through position-time and velocity-time graphs, kinematic equations derived by the graphical method and uniform circular motion.
• Chapter 6. How Forces Affect Motion
  Covers balanced and unbalanced forces, friction and Newton’s three laws of motion with mathematical formulations and real-life applications.
• Chapter 7. Work, Energy and Simple Machines
  Explains work done by a constant force, the Work-Energy theorem, kinetic and potential energy derivations, energy conservation, power and the mechanical advantage of pulleys, inclined planes and levers.
• Chapter 10. Sound Waves: Characteristics and Applications
  Covers the production and propagation of sound as a longitudinal wave, characteristics of sound waves (wavelength, frequency, time period, amplitude, intensity, speed), pitch and loudness, propagation through solids and liquids, echo, reverberation and echolocation.

The following solutions are based on the NCERT Science textbook published for Previous Session. Schools and students following the previous syllabus can access complete chapter-wise solutions for all 12 chapters below.

• Chapter 1. Matter in Our Surroundings
• Chapter 2. Is Matter Around Us Pure
• Chapter 3. Atoms and Molecules
• Chapter 4. Structure of the Atom
• Chapter 5. The Fundamental Unit of Life
• Chapter 6. Tissues
• Chapter 7. Motion
• Chapter 8. Force and Laws of Motion
• Chapter 9. Gravitation
• Chapter 10. Work and Energy
• Chapter 11. Sound
• Chapter 12. Improvement in Food Resources

Each chapter in the old book builds on the previous one — starting with the physical and chemical nature of matter, moving through atomic structure and living organisms, and concluding with the forces, energy, sound and food resources that shape everyday life. The descriptions below outline what each chapter covers and what students should focus on while preparing for their examinations.

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 describes Physical Nature of matter like matter is made up of particle and the size of these particles. It further explains the characteristics of the particle of matter like they have space between them, they are moving with some kinetic energy and they attract each other with a particular force. We all know that there are three states of matter – Solid, Liquid and Gas. In Chemistry Chapter 1 of Class 9 Science, we will go through the properties of matter in different states. Changing of state with the application of temperature, pressure or other factors are also important for the exams.

Science relies on empirical evidence to support claims and theories. Learning science reinforces the importance of evidence-based reasoning and teaches students to make decisions and form opinions based on data and facts rather than unfounded beliefs.

Class 9 Science Chapter 2 explains about all types of substances, whether it is pure or a mixture of two or more pure substances. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture and their properties are frequently asked in school exams of class 9 Science. We have to learn here about how many types of solutions are there, how to prepare these solutions and how to find the concentration of a given solution. After doing this, we will be able to understand about Suspension and Colloidal also. Properties of Suspension and Colloidal are also helpful as exams point of view. Separating the components from the mixture using various methods are given at the end of this chapter. We can apply these ways in day to day life to understand in a better way.

Class 9 Science Chapter 3 deals with Law of Chemical Combination, Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of Constant Proportion. Here, we will study that Atoms and Molecules are the fundamental building blocks of all matter. What is an atom? How big are they? What are the ancient or modern symbols of atoms? These type of questions are new for standard nine students. Atomic Mass and their symbols usually start from grade 9 and play an important role in higher classes. We should understand carefully about important Molecules and their valency along with the knowledge of ions – cation or anion. Using Criss-cross method, writing the formula of any compound is the most important part of Chemistry Chapter 3 of Class 9 Science. Questions based on Molecular mass and Mole concepts are also crucial for the class test or school terminal exams.

Class 9 Science Chapter 4 is based on sub-atomic particle like a proton – p, neutron – n and electron – e. It also explains the various steps of the discovery of the structure of atoms and its subparts. Structure of Atom includes the atomic models of J. J. Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr. Rutherford’s experiment, its observation and conclusion are considered as important topics of Chemistry Chapter 4 of Class 9 Science textbook. We have to learn here about Valency, Atomic Number, Mass Number and their correlation with each other. We should understand the difference between Isotopes and Isobars to remove any confusion in further classes.

Class 9 Science Chapter 5 is the first chapter of Biology in standard 9. This chapter tells us how Robert Hooke discovered the cell using a slice of cork. Cells are too small to see through naked eyes, but we can see the cell by microscope making temporary mounts of peels of onions. Here, we will be able to know about cells in the human body like Bone cells, Blood cells, Smooth muscles cells, Nerve cells, etc. The structural organisation of a cell, Plasma membrane and its phenomena with Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic solutions are briefly described in grade 9 Science, Chapter 5 Biology section. We should know about the function of Cell wall, Nucleus and Cytoplasm in a cell. A complete description of Plant cell and Animal cell with their components like Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Plastid, Vacuoles and Cell division is the main point of this chapter to study.

Class 9 Science Chapter 6 describes about the plant and animal tissues. Plant tissues include the explanation about Meristematic tissue – for the growth of plants and Permanent tissue – permanent in shape, size and function (simple and complex permanent tissues). Animal tissues cover the topics related to Epithelial tissue (also known as covering or protective tissue), Connective tissue, Muscular tissue and Nervous tissue. Nerve cells or Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system. Nervous tissues are made up of these Neurons. Neurons are the longest cells in the human body. An individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 includes all the terms which describe the motion of an object. Most of the topics are based on the motion on a straight line or uniform motion. During the study of uniform or non-uniform motion, we will learn to find the average speed or speed during a specific duration. Chapter 7 of Class 9 Science contains many numerical problems in Physics following the three equation of motion. We should understand about the difference between velocity and speed as well as distance and displacement. Graphical representation of motion and the derivation of three equations of motion with a graphical method are frequently asked in school examination. Concepts of uniform circular motion and numerically based on it are also important for exams.

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 starts with focusing on the balanced and unbalanced force. Later on, it includes the impact of Friction force and Inertia also. The main motive to study Chapter 8 of Class 9 Science is to understand the laws of motion under the influence of force. Here, we will start from First law of motions and Inertia of body. Later on Second law of motion along with the law of conservation of momentum. We have to do all the intext questions and exercises questions based on particular on laws of motions and momentum. In the end, there are many reasoning questions based on the Third law of motion are given to understand about the law of Action-Reaction.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 is based on the concepts of Gravitation, Universal Law of Gravitation and Gravity. We should know that every object is attracted by other objects with a variable gravitational pull according to what the Gravitational Law states. The relation between Universal Gravitational Constant G and Gravitational Acceleration g is also important for terminal exams or class test. Chapter 9 of Class 9 Science also states about the difference between Mass and Weight considering the values of g. We know that G is constant, but the value of gravity varies according to the varying radius of Earth. Value of g is maximum at poles and least at the equator due to the elliptical structure of Earth. Concepts of Buoyancy, Buoyant force, Pressure and Thrust, Archimedes’ principle of floatation and Relative Density are the topic for exam preparation.

Class 9 Science Chapter 10 explains that Work and Energy are the same things only the states are changed. Work is concerted to different from of Energy or from Energy we can do work. Questions based on constant force and uniform motions are given as intext questions. Mechanical Energy is basically divided into two kinds as Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy. Kinetic Energy of an object is due to its motion whereas Potential Energy is due to its current position. The sum of Potential and Kinetic Energy is considered as Mechanical Energy. The other forms of energies are Heat Energy, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy and Light Energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy, Work done, Power and Commercial unit of Energy are the main topics for numerical practice. The relation between 1 Unit and Joules are important for derivation as well as for numerical problems.

Class 9 Science Chapter 11 deals with the production and motion of sound. We know that sound travels with different speed in different materials but does not travel in the vacuum as it needs a material medium to travel. Characteristic of a sound wave or Longitudinal wave and concepts of Compression and Rarefaction with Frequency, Amplitude and Speed is important for this segment of class 9 Science. We should also know about the Intensity, Softness, Loudness, Low and High Pitch of sound waves. Most of the numerical in Chapter 11 of Class 9 Science is based on speed, wavelength and frequency. Reflection of sound, including the concept of Echo, are important for conceptual questions. At the end of chapter 11 of 9th Physics, the concepts of Reverberation, instruments based on multiple reflections of sound, range of hearing, Sonar and application of Ultra-Sound waves are given for practice.

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 is based on various methods of improvement of food resources. Improvement of various crops like wheat, rice, maize, millets, etc. yield and improvement of crop variety are an exciting topic to read. Crop production management includes nutrient management like Compost and vermi-compost, Green manure, etc. manure and fertilisers. Irrigation, cropping pattern, crop production management, storage facility, animal husbandry, cattle farming, poultry farming, egg and broiler and fish production are the main points of focus.

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